Cultivarea ciupercilor stridii în moduri diferite

Beginners can grow oyster mushrooms in two ways: extensive (on stumps or cuttings of wood) and intensive (in bags or other containers located indoors). Both technologies for growing oyster mushrooms have been worked out to the smallest detail in the course of many years of experience, so the cultivation of these fruits is available even to inexperienced amateur mushroom growers.

Oyster mushroom, or oyster mushroom, is a fairly large mushroom with a dark hat, usually gray or brown with intermediate shades, which grows up to 200 mm in diameter. Over time, the hat becomes lighter. Oyster mushroom plates are white or cream in color, gradually turning into a rather dense and hard leg, which for this reason is not eaten.

You will learn about growing oyster mushrooms in bags and on stumps by reading this material.

Extensive and intensive methods of growing oyster mushrooms

This fungus is found exclusively on dead hardwood, and therefore is not dangerous to living trees in the garden. As a rule, large growths of oyster mushrooms are formed on wood, each of which contains up to 30 individual mushrooms, while the mass of growths can be 2-3 kg.

Oyster mushroom grows in large quantities in natural conditions and in central Our Country, mushrooms can be harvested all summer and autumn, and the peak of fruiting intensity occurs in August – October (specific dates are determined by air temperature).

The cultivation of oyster mushrooms is much different than the cultivation of champignons, while their taste is by no means worse. In addition, they are not lost as a result of drying or pickling.

Most often, planting material – sterile oyster mushroom mycelium – for growing mushrooms is purchased on the side. This should be done in spring or early autumn, since it needs positive temperatures during transportation. Before grafting the mycelium, it must be stored at a temperature of 0 to 2 ° C, then it will retain all its properties for 3-4 months, while at 18-20 ° C – only a week.

How to grow oyster mushrooms indoors or in the country? The methods of cultivation of these fungi can be divided into extensive and intensive.

Due to the fact that this mushroom can be easily grown artificially on waste wood without any significant material costs, the extensive breeding method is very popular. However, it is also quite well designed. We can say that the extensive method, in its simplicity, reliability and low cost, is most suitable for a summer cottage. Before growing oats, beginners are advised to watch the video and read the literature, which describes the process technology in detail.

The specificity of the intensive method of growing oyster mushrooms lies in the composition of the substrate used and the possibility of growing mushrooms in a closed room, for example, a greenhouse or a lighted basement with controlled conditions. A short ripening period (2-2,5 months) makes this method very attractive for growing oyster mushrooms in the household, in the backyard and in the garden.

This method was developed in Hungary, while in Our Country it was significantly improved. It was found that oyster mushroom, as well as Florida oyster mushroom (adapted for cultivation in an intensive way), grows well on plant materials such as straw, sunflower husks, corn cobs, reeds, etc.

Under natural conditions, it is impossible to find oyster mushroom growing on straw, sunflower husks, corn cobs, etc., since it is seriously competed with molds that have a higher development rate and are able to suppress oyster mushroom.

First, learn how to grow oyster mushrooms from mycelium in an extensive way.

Extensive technology of growing oyster mushrooms on stumps in a country house

Before growing oyster mushrooms using extensive technology, you need to find the necessary pieces of wood from aspen, birch, poplar, etc. length within 300 mm and a diameter of 150 mm and above. If they are thinner, then the yield will decrease. In order for the wood to be sufficiently moist, and this is necessary for the normal growth of the mycelium, the logs are kept in water for 1-2 days before use.

To grow oyster mushrooms in the country, stumps are moved to a cellar, basement or some similar enclosed space at the end of winter or early spring, put one on top of the other, forming columns up to 2 m high. First, the upper ends of the logs are covered with a layer of grain mycelium, the thickness of which is from 10-20 mm and more. Then another piece of wood is installed on this piece of wood, the end of which is also treated with a mycelium. Next, another segment is placed, etc. Planting material is taken at the rate of 70-100 g per end.

From above, the columns are covered with straw in order to preserve moisture and create conditions for the better development of mycelium, which eventually penetrates into the wood. Instead of straw, some kind of fabric is often used, since polyethylene and other films are not suitable, because they do not allow air to pass through, which is necessary for growing mycelium.

To grow oyster mushrooms, certain conditions must be created: at a temperature of 10-15 ° C, oyster mushroom mycelium overgrows wood for 2-2,5 months. The air in this room must be humidified, but do it carefully so that water does not get on the wood.

If champignon does not need light for normal growth, then oyster mushroom needs it for fruiting. The second stage of cultivation of this fungus in central Our Country falls on May. Pieces of wood with sprouted mycelium are taken out into the open air and deepened into the ground by 100-150 mm. Rows are formed from pieces of wood under the canopy of trees or in some other shaded places. To grow oyster mushrooms on stumps, you can create a shadow with a light artificial canopy.

The distance between the installed pieces of wood and between the rows should be 350-500 mm.

When grown on stumps, oyster mushrooms need proper care, which mainly consists of careful watering of the soil in dry weather. Fruiting most often begins in August – September and lasts throughout October. Collect oyster mushroom, carefully cutting. The first harvest from one piece of wood yields over 600 g of first-class mushrooms, which form into large clusters.

For more information on growing oyster mushrooms on stumps, see this video:

Cultivați ciuperci stridii pe cioturi. Rezultatul este vizibil in poza la video !!!

Plantations overwinter where they were planted in summer. If the conditions are favorable, then in the second year, 2-2,5 kg of mushrooms can be obtained from each piece of wood. The technology of growing oyster mushrooms on stumps allows you to get up to 1 kg of mushrooms per year from 2 m20 of wood, the most productive of which are the second and third years.

The following describes how to properly grow oyster mushrooms in a greenhouse.

How to grow oyster mushrooms in a greenhouse

As practice shows, oyster mushrooms can also be grown in greenhouses, where pieces of wood are installed in the ground in October – November, since they cannot be placed in columns.

At the same time, pieces of wood should be planted with a grain mycelium. After applying to the ends of the logs, it is covered with wooden disks 20-30 mm thick of the same diameter as the log.

The advantage of growing oyster mushrooms in greenhouses is the ability to regulate key environmental parameters: humidity, air and soil temperature, which has a positive effect on fruiting. The spread of mycelium over pieces of wood lasts 1-1,5 months (if the air temperature was 13-15°C, soil 20-22°C, and relative humidity 95-100%).

After the growth of the mycelium for two days, the temperature is sharply reduced to 0-2 ° C, which “spurs” fruiting. Then the temperature is increased to 10-14°C. After 2-2,5 months after planting the mycelium on wood, fruiting can be expected.

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms allows you to load greenhouses with work in October – January, when they are usually empty. In the spring, if it becomes necessary to use greenhouses for vegetables, pieces of wood with mycelium are transferred to open ground.

You can also cultivate mushrooms on stumps, for example, in the forest or in gardens where they are. The fungus planted on them will biologically destroy them, which will allow harvesting mushrooms for three years and getting rid of unwanted stumps without resorting to uprooting.

Watch the video “Growing oyster mushrooms in a greenhouse”, which tells about all the nuances of cultivation:

Oyster mushroom. First experience. part 1

This is only an approximate general scheme for the cultivation of the fungus. It is possible and necessary to make changes in the timing of planting (depending on the characteristics of the microclimate outdoors or indoors) and methods of planting mycelium on pieces of wood.

In particular, it is possible to apply a somewhat more time-consuming, but giving good results, method, which consists in first making holes 40-50 mm deep and about 30 mm in diameter at the end of the log segment, where the grain mycelium is laid. After that, they are covered with wet sawdust or pieces of bark, otherwise the mycelium will dry out quickly and will be defenseless against mold fungi. If you act in this way, then the planting material will grow faster along the piece of wood.

The following describes how to grow oyster mushrooms in bags in an intensive way.

How to properly grow oyster mushrooms in bags

Distinguish sterile and non-sterile method of intensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms. The sterile method was the first to be tested in the industrial cultivation of the fungus. Its essence is as follows: the substrate is moistened and placed in an autoclave, where it is sterilized, after which it is seeded with mycelium. Harmful microorganisms die, and oyster mushroom seeds develop freely.

The results of applying this method are quite good, however, it is practically not used in the subsidiary farm, since its implementation requires sterile conditions throughout the entire growing period or mixing a special microbiological additive into the sterilized substrate, which includes a complex of bacteria that prevent the growth of mold fungi, and getting it is not so easy.

In the first half of the XX century. a non-sterile method of oyster mushroom cultivation was invented, the essence of which is pasteurization (steaming) of the nutrient medium, while other processes take place under non-sterile conditions. In this case, there is no need for any additives, however, the use of this method must be carried out with the indispensable observance of sanitary conditions that will prevent the spread of mold and mold fungi on the substrate.

This method is often used by single mushroom growers and small mushroom growing enterprises. However, it must be taken into account that the industrial cultivation of the fungus in a non-sterile way consists of some complex technological methods, which require special equipment and qualified specialists.

The non-sterile method, although quite effective, cannot fully guarantee a high-quality stable crop, since there is always a danger of mold growth in the nutrient medium. Single mushroom growers can be recommended to breed this mushroom in small volumes, because in this case it is easier to perform

The nutrient medium for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms can be agricultural waste, for example, cereal straw, sunflower seed husks, corn, sawdust, shavings, etc. Just make sure they’re free of mold before use, otherwise they’ll become a source of infection.

Agricultural waste can be mixed in different proportions, leading to different results. All this allows mushroom growers not only to experiment, but also to wisely use household waste.

The nutrient medium is crushed, 2% ground limestone, 2% gypsum, 0,5% carbamide, 0,5% superphosphate (of total weight) and water are added so that the final moisture content reaches 75%. To accelerate the appearance of fruits and their increase, beer grains or bran are added to the mixture. In this case, all additives should not exceed 10% of the total weight of the compost.

Then the nutrient medium is placed in containers for drying and kept there for 2-3 hours at a temperature of 80-90°C, stirring occasionally. In this way pasteurization of the substrate is carried out. Alternatively, you can treat the compost with hot steam at a temperature of 55-60°C for 12 hours.

If oyster mushrooms are grown in small enough volumes, the nutrient medium can be treated with boiling water in appropriate containers, after which they are covered and left for 2-4 hours. Then the water is drained, the substrate is dried to the required (70-75%) humidity and minerals are added.

Pasteurization of the nutrient medium can be done as follows: fill the bags and place them in containers where steam or hot water is supplied, subjecting the substrate to treatment for 6-10 hours.

In any case, heat treatment of the substrate is important to get rid of mold. It can be prepared in completely different ways, regardless of the method of cultivating the mushroom.

Upon completion of the heat treatment, the pasteurized nutrient medium must be gradually cooled, and then transferred to the planting site. The substrate can be placed in plastic bags, boxes, etc., the sizes of which can be different. The best dimensions are 400x400x200 mm. The volume of the substrate must be large enough (5-15 kg) to prevent rapid drying. It should also be slightly compressed, and it is extremely important to ensure its cleanliness when placed in a container for growing mushrooms.

The mushroom picker is planted when the substrate temperature drops to 25-28°C. It is introduced to a depth of 100-150 mm, evenly mixed with a nutrient medium. The volume of mycelium should be 5-7% by weight of the compost. If there is less planting material, then the substrate will overgrow longer, which only increases the risk of developing competing molds.

Mixing of grain mycelium and pasteurized cooled substrate can be done before filling the containers with it. In this case, due to the uniform mixing of the substrate with the mycelium, the same uniform overgrowth of the nutrient medium occurs. This method of introducing mycelium requires the utmost care to ensure cleanliness in the working areas.

In order to grow oyster mushrooms in bags, as the correct technology suggests, it is necessary to provide a temperature of 20-25 ° C and a relative humidity of 90% in the room. At this stage, the mushrooms do not need light. 3-5 days after planting, the surface of the nutrient medium is covered with a whitish layer of mycelium. It will take another 8-10 days and, if the technology has been observed strictly enough, the nutrient medium will turn light brown, and then interweaving of white hyphae will appear, which indicates the beginning of the maturation of the mycelium.

If the substrate with mycelium is in bags, then cuts are made on it to make way for growing mushrooms.

During the development of the mycelium, it is necessary to determine the temperature in the depth of the nutrient medium 1-2 times a day. If it reaches 28 ° C or exceeds this figure, then the room must be thoroughly ventilated.

The process of development of the mycelium lasts about 20-30 days, and at the end the substrate penetrated by it becomes a monolithic block. Then these blocks in bags or other containers are moved to a special room, called a growing room, where a stable temperature regime of 12-15 ° C is maintained and light is provided. Of course, if it is possible to reduce the temperature and illuminate the room, you can leave the oyster mushroom where the substrate is overgrown with mycelium.

Oyster mushroom bears fruit better if the blocks are placed vertically, after removing them from the bags. A free space of 900-1000 mm wide should be left between the rows of installed blocks to simplify crop care and harvesting. The location of the blocks depends on the characteristics of a particular room.

In principle, it is not necessary to remove the blocks from the bags, but in order for the mushrooms to grow from all sides, it is necessary to cut holes in the shell vertically and horizontally at a distance of 30-40 mm (or 100-150 mm) with a diameter of 10-20 mm. You can also make longitudinal or cross-shaped incisions. Sometimes the blocks are strengthened, and some mushroom growers hang elongated blocks in bags.

If the mycelium substrate is in boxes or similar, then the fungi will grow on the top open surface of the growth medium. Sometimes boxes are installed on the end and mushrooms appear on a vertical plane.

To stimulate fruiting, at this stage, you can hold the substrate with overgrown mycelium for 2-3 days at a temperature of 3-5 ° C. This procedure is recommended to be performed before placing the substrate in the grow room. However, this procedure is optional.

During fruiting, the air humidity in the room should be in the range of 80-100%, for which at a temperature of 12-16 ° C it is enough to moisten the floor and walls 1-2 times a day. The block taken out of the bag may dry out, in which case it is slightly moistened from a watering can or hose with a sprayer.

For some time now, the technology of oyster mushroom cultivation has become popular, in which the blocks are left in bags and the premises are almost not moistened, since there is enough moisture in the nutrient medium for the appearance of fungi. Indeed, in a plastic bag it is preserved very well, therefore, in this case, the room is humidified only when the air temperature exceeds 18-20 ° C in order to lower it.

When the fruiting process begins, a lot of excess carbon dioxide accumulates in the premises, which must be removed by ventilation. In general, the presence of high-quality ventilation during this period is quite difficult to overestimate, since with poor air exchange, fruiting bodies do not form, instead bushy growths of mycelium appear.

Thus, if you want to get delicious large mushrooms, you need to carefully ventilate the room. As a rule, one change of air every hour is enough.

However, intensive ventilation gives rise to the problem of ensuring the required level of air humidity, which is 90-95% according to the recommendations, but in practice this indicator is difficult to achieve. The way out of the situation is found in the periodic watering of the bags with water.

When the blocks are transferred to a cold room and the package is opened, during the first 5-6 days, water that has entered can harm the mycelium. Therefore, it is not worth watering them right away, it is enough to regularly moisten the walls and floor of the room. The substrate blocks covered with sprouted mycelium will not absorb moisture, which allows them to be moistened by spraying water 1-2 times a day at a relative humidity of 95-100% and 4-5 times at a humidity of 85-95%.

Humidity is best kept at a sufficient level, because even if it is slightly below normal, this will lead to dry caps and cracking, although the mushrooms themselves will grow. When the moisture level reaches 70% and below, the harvest volumes may noticeably decrease.

The first 5-6 days of stay of blocks with mycelium in the nursery, you can not care about lighting, since the main processes are carried out in an array of nutrient medium, where it is dark in any case. However, as soon as the rudiments of fruiting bodies are formed, it is necessary to create optimal illumination for 7-10 hours a day with an intensity of 70-100 lux.

If the room for growing oyster mushrooms from mycelium is small enough and dark, use fluorescent lamps or slightly subdued sunlight. Light has a serious effect on these mushrooms: the legs are shortened, and the initially whitish caps darken, after which, in the process of ripening, they brighten again, increasing in size.

To prevent the blocks from rotting, mushrooms are harvested by cutting off their legs at the very base. 2-3 weeks after the first wave of the harvest, the second wave will go. At this stage, standard care for the blocks is carried out, and lighting is turned on during the formation of the rudiments of fruiting bodies.

As practice shows, the first wave can bring up to 75% of the total crop. If the conditions are optimal, and the substrate is of high quality, then in two waves a crop is obtained, equal in weight to 25-30% of the mass of the substrate. As you can see, growing oyster mushrooms is quite profitable, it is well stored, it can be transported and it is not afraid of low temperatures.

When the second wave passes, it is best to replace the blocks with new ones with fresh mycelium. The blocks from which the harvest was obtained are used in the household – they can be fed to livestock and added to poultry food.

This video details how to grow oyster mushrooms in bags:

Mushrooms Oyster mushroom. The easiest way to grow mushrooms, no hassle!

Pest control for oyster mushrooms indoors

Among the few pests that infect this fungus are mushroom flies, mites and mosquitoes. Diseases are usually bacterial in nature and appear after being damaged by pests.

The standard method of disinfecting a room for growing oyster mushrooms is to spray the walls with a 2-4% solution of bleach or formalin. Then the room is locked for 2 days, after which it is opened and ventilated for 1-2 days. Such processing should be carried out before each next use of the premises.

The required amount of bleach for pest control when growing oyster mushrooms in bags is dissolved in advance in a small volume of water, and then diluted with water to the required concentration and left to infuse for 2 hours. The resulting mixture is stirred up and used to disinfect the room, which, after spraying, is closed for two days . Preventive measures with bleach should be carried out 15-20 days before the introduction of the substrate, since during this time the chlorine will have time to disappear.

Although this fungus has few pathogens and pests, it is quite difficult to deal with them, since most of them live inside the substrate, which, moreover, is under the film most of the time. Therefore, the main protective measures are carried out as a preventive measure even before the introduction of the mycelium into the substrate.

For example, rooms for oyster mushrooms are fumigated with sulfur dioxide. To do this, baking sheets are placed on the bricks. Sulfur is placed on top (40-60 g per 1 m2 of the room). Then they light it and close the doors tightly. Leave the room for 2 days, after which they open and ventilate for 10 days.

Fumigation is carried out only if the room is sufficiently dry. If it is damp, it is recommended to use another method of disinfection.

When growing oyster mushrooms indoors, the utmost attention must be paid to the cleanliness of the equipment used. Before work, all tools are treated with a 40% formalin solution, and then with clean water. Substrate containers are disinfected and kept in a clean room.

The most dangerous pests of oyster mushrooms are mushroom flies, which eat mycelium and fruiting bodies, and bacteria penetrate into the wounds. Flies usually appear in the warm season at temperatures above 15°C. Most of them become when the mycelium begins to grow in a nutrient medium and mature. It is during this period, lasting 5-6 weeks, that the temperature in the room with the substrate is most suitable for the development of pests.

The likelihood of harm from flies and mosquitoes increases if the old and new substrates are in the same room. Insects from old blocks move to new ones, where they lay their eggs.

Preventive measures in the form of disinfection of the premises and sterilization of the substrate are also needed against the spread of fungal mites, because there are no effective means of combating them. Their size is very small, and they feed on mycelium, penetrating into the fruiting bodies. Secondary infection with bacteria is also not long in coming. In this case, the damaged areas become wet and darken.

Oyster mushroom is a fairly serious allergen. Or rather, not herself, but her spores, which appear shortly after mushrooms begin to form hats. Therefore, when working with the fungus, it is recommended to use respirators. Particular care must be taken when planting new strains of oyster mushroom with unknown allergenic properties.

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